The idea of artificial reproduction reshaping the family traces back to early 20th-century scientific speculation, when thinkers like J.B.S. Haldane imagined future societies using laboratory-based conception to reduce biological risks and expand reproductive freedom. The development of modern reproductive technologies began in the late 1970s with in vitro fertilization (IVF), which produced the first “test-tube baby” in 1978 and marked a turning point in how families could be formed. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, advances such as sperm and egg donation, gestational surrogacy, and embryo freezing expanded options for individuals facing infertility, same-sex couples, and single parents. As these technologies became more common, legal systems started redefining concepts like parental rights, lineage, and the meaning of genetic versus social parenthood. In the 21st century, new tools—including preimplantation genetic testing, mitochondrial replacement therapy, and prospective artificial womb research—have pushed the boundaries even further, raising questions about how family structures might evolve when biological reproduction can be fully separated from pregnancy or even from traditional parenting models. This debate stems from a long historical shift in how societies understand kinship, biology, and the role of technology in shaping human relationships.