This debate asks whether people should have the legal right to end a pregnancy and, if so, under what conditions or limits. Abortion has existed throughout recorded history, but governments, religions and medical authorities have treated it differently. During the nineteenth century, many countries adopted stricter criminal laws, while the twentieth century brought broader legalization as reproductive rights and public health became political issues. In the United States, Roe v. Wade recognized a constitutional right to abortion in 1973, but Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization overturned that ruling in 2022 and returned the question to elected governments. Supporters emphasize bodily autonomy, privacy, equality and access to safe medical care. They argue that bans may force people to continue unwanted pregnancies and disproportionately affect those with fewer resources. Opponents argue that unborn human life deserves protection and that abortion raises serious moral questions about when personhood and human rights begin. The debate also considers exceptions, fetal viability, parental consent, medical emergencies and the proper role of government.