Should Public Transportation Be Free for All Citizens?

The idea of making public transportation free for all citizens has roots in both urban planning and social policy, reflecting broader discussions on mobility, equity, and environmental sustainability. Public transportation systems—such as buses, trains, and subways—have been central to city development since the 19th century, evolving from horse-drawn carriages to electric-powered networks that connect people to work, education, and services. Traditionally, these systems are funded through a combination of government subsidies and passenger fares. The concept of fare-free public transportation emerged in the mid-20th century, with early experiments in cities seeking to reduce traffic congestion, promote environmental goals, or enhance social inclusion. Some cities in Europe and the United States have tested or adopted fare-free models, especially for targeted groups like students, seniors, or low-income residents, while a few have extended it to entire populations.