Is it Ethical to Genetically Modify humans for Intelligence or Strength?

The ethics of genetically modifying humans for traits like intelligence or strength stems from developments in genetics, biotechnology, and human enhancement debates that span centuries. The idea of altering human traits has roots in ancient history, from selective breeding practices to philosophical visions of ideal societies. However, the modern concept emerged with the discovery of DNA in the 20th century and the rise of genetic engineering. The mapping of the human genome in the early 2000s and the development of tools like CRISPR-Cas9 revolutionized biology by allowing precise edits to genetic material. This made the theoretical possibility of enhancing human traits—such as cognitive ability, physical endurance, or resistance to disease—technically conceivable. The term “germline editing” refers to changes made to reproductive cells, meaning modifications could be passed on to future generations, raising deeper societal and ethical implications.